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Treacher Collins syndrome 2(TCS2)

MedGen UID:
462333
Concept ID:
C3150983
Disease or Syndrome
Synonyms: POLR1D-Related Treacher Collins Syndrome; TCS2; TREACHER COLLINS SYNDROME 2, AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE
 
Gene (location): POLR1D (13q12.2)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0013385
OMIM®: 613717

Disease characteristics

Excerpted from the GeneReview: Treacher Collins Syndrome
Treacher Collins syndrome (TCS) is characterized by lower eyelid abnormalities, malar hypoplasia, downslanted palpebral fissures, and micro- or retrognathia due to symmetric hypoplasia of the zygomatic bones, maxilla, and mandible. External ear anomalies include absent, small, malformed, and/or posteriorly rotated ears and atresia or stenosis of the external auditory canals. About 40%-50% of individuals have conductive hearing loss attributed most commonly to malformation of the ossicles and hypoplasia of the middle ear cavities. Inner ear structures tend to be normal. Significant respiratory and feeding difficulties can be present in infancy. Other, less common abnormalities include cleft palate and unilateral or bilateral choanal stenosis or atresia. Typically, intellect is normal. [from GeneReviews]
Authors:
Mafalda Barbosa  |  Ethylin Wang Jabs  |  Sara Huston   view full author information

Additional description

From OMIM
Treacher Collins syndrome is a disorder of craniofacial development characterized by a combination of bilateral downward slanting of the palpebral fissures, colobomas of the lower eyelids with a paucity of eyelashes medial to the defect, hypoplasia of the facial bones, cleft palate, malformation of the external ears, atresia of the external auditory canals, and bilateral conductive hearing loss (Dauwerse et al., 2011). For additional phenotypic information and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of Treacher Collins syndrome, see TCS1 (154500).  http://www.omim.org/entry/613717

Clinical features

From HPO
Conductive hearing impairment
MedGen UID:
9163
Concept ID:
C0018777
Disease or Syndrome
An abnormality of vibrational conductance of sound to the inner ear leading to impairment of sensory perception of sound.
Microtia
MedGen UID:
57535
Concept ID:
C0152423
Congenital Abnormality
Underdevelopment of the external ear.
Anotia
MedGen UID:
152377
Concept ID:
C0702139
Congenital Abnormality
Complete absence of any auricular structures.
Delayed speech and language development
MedGen UID:
105318
Concept ID:
C0454644
Finding
A degree of language development that is significantly below the norm for a child of a specified age.
Motor delay
MedGen UID:
381392
Concept ID:
C1854301
Finding
A type of Developmental delay characterized by a delay in acquiring motor skills.
Micrognathia
MedGen UID:
44428
Concept ID:
C0025990
Congenital Abnormality
Developmental hypoplasia of the mandible.
Retrognathia
MedGen UID:
19766
Concept ID:
C0035353
Congenital Abnormality
An abnormality in which the mandible is mislocalised posteriorly.
Microretrognathia
MedGen UID:
326907
Concept ID:
C1839546
Finding
A form of developmental hypoplasia of the mandible in which the mandible is mislocalised posteriorly.
Malar flattening
MedGen UID:
347616
Concept ID:
C1858085
Finding
Underdevelopment of the malar prominence of the jugal bone (zygomatic bone in mammals), appreciated in profile, frontal view, and/or by palpation.
Fusion of middle ear ossicles
MedGen UID:
349423
Concept ID:
C1862068
Finding
Bony fusion of malleus, incus, and stapes.
Hypoplasia of the zygomatic bone
MedGen UID:
866886
Concept ID:
C4021242
Anatomical Abnormality
Underdevelopment of the zygomatic bone. That is, a reduction in size of the zygomatic bone, including the zygomatic process of the temporal bone of the skull, which forms part of the zygomatic arch.
Choanal atresia
MedGen UID:
3395
Concept ID:
C0008297
Congenital Abnormality
Absence or abnormal closure of the choana (the posterior nasal aperture). Most embryologists believe that posterior choanal atresia results from a failure of rupture between the 35th and 38th day of fetal life of the partition which separates the bucconasal or buccopharyngeal membranes. The resultant choanal atresia may be unilateral or bilateral, bony or membranous, complete or incomplete. In over 90 per cent of cases the obstruction is bony, while in the remainder it is membranous. The bony type of atresia is commonly located 1-2 mm. anterior to the posterior edge of the hard palate, and the osseous septum varies in thickness from 1 to 10 mm. In the membranous form of choanal atresia the obstruction usually occurs further posteriorly. In approximately one third of cases the atresia is bilateral.
Downslanted palpebral fissures
MedGen UID:
98391
Concept ID:
C0423110
Finding
The palpebral fissure inclination is more than two standard deviations below the mean.
Choanal stenosis
MedGen UID:
108427
Concept ID:
C0584837
Finding
Abnormal narrowing of the choana (the posterior nasal aperture).
Lower eyelid coloboma
MedGen UID:
373417
Concept ID:
C1837826
Disease or Syndrome
A short discontinuity of the margin of the lower eyelid.
Cleft palate
MedGen UID:
756015
Concept ID:
C2981150
Congenital Abnormality
Cleft palate is a developmental defect of the palate resulting from a failure of fusion of the palatine processes and manifesting as a separation of the roof of the mouth (soft and hard palate).
Preauricular pit
MedGen UID:
120587
Concept ID:
C0266610
Congenital Abnormality
Small indentation anterior to the insertion of the ear.

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Lee HJ, Yang IH, Baek SH
J Craniofac Surg 2021 Nov-Dec 01;32(8):e773-e778. doi: 10.1097/SCS.0000000000007769. PMID: 34727453
Kochel J, Meyer-Marcotty P, Wirbelauer J, Böhm H, Kochel M, Thomas W, Bareis U, Hebestreit H, Speer C, Stellzig-Eisenhauer A
Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2011 Jan;48(1):44-55. Epub 2010 Apr 7 doi: 10.1597/08-273. PMID: 20500074
Perkins JA, Sie KC, Milczuk H, Richardson MA
Cleft Palate Craniofac J 1997 Mar;34(2):135-40. doi: 10.1597/1545-1569_1997_034_0135_amicwc_2.3.co_2. PMID: 9138508

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Gonçalves Ferraz B, Vendramini-Pittoli S, Gomes LP, Madeira Brandão M, Alonso N, Tonello C
J Craniofac Surg 2023 Jun 1;34(4):e398-e401. Epub 2023 May 1 doi: 10.1097/SCS.0000000000009326. PMID: 37126414
Junaid M, Slack-Smith L, Wong K, Bourke J, Baynam G, Calache H, Leonard H
J Pediatr 2022 Feb;241:162-172.e9. Epub 2021 Oct 7 doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.09.060. PMID: 34626670
Lee HJ, Yang IH, Baek SH
J Craniofac Surg 2021 Nov-Dec 01;32(8):e773-e778. doi: 10.1097/SCS.0000000000007769. PMID: 34727453
Manara R, Schifano G, Brotto D, Mardari R, Ghiselli S, Gerunda A, Ghirotto C, Fusetti S, Piacentile K, Scienza R, Ermani M, Martini A
Clin Oral Investig 2016 Mar;20(2):219-25. Epub 2015 Nov 18 doi: 10.1007/s00784-015-1660-8. PMID: 26578120
Asten P, Skogedal N, Nordgarden H, Axelsson S, Akre H, Sjögreen L
Acta Odontol Scand 2013 May-Jul;71(3-4):616-25. Epub 2012 Jul 12 doi: 10.3109/00016357.2012.700065. PMID: 22783882

Diagnosis

Spineli-Silva S, Sgardioli IC, Dos Santos AP, Bergamini LL, Monlleó IL, Fontes MIB, Félix TM, Ribeiro EM, Xavier AC, Lustosa-Mendes E, Gil-da-Silva-Lopes VL, Vieira TP
Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet 2020 Dec;184(4):970-985. Epub 2020 Nov 20 doi: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31857. PMID: 33215817
Birgfeld C, Heike C
Clin Plast Surg 2019 Apr;46(2):207-221. doi: 10.1016/j.cps.2018.12.001. PMID: 30851752
Schmitzer S, Burcel M, Dăscălescu D, Popteanu IC
Rom J Ophthalmol 2018 Apr-Jun;62(2):96-104. PMID: 30206552Free PMC Article
Buchanan EP, Xue AS, Hollier LH Jr
Plast Reconstr Surg 2014 Jul;134(1):128e-153e. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000000308. PMID: 25028828
Asten P, Skogedal N, Nordgarden H, Axelsson S, Akre H, Sjögreen L
Acta Odontol Scand 2013 May-Jul;71(3-4):616-25. Epub 2012 Jul 12 doi: 10.3109/00016357.2012.700065. PMID: 22783882

Therapy

Jiang F, Kuper H, Bright T, Qin WZ
Am J Audiol 2020 Jun 8;29(2):236-243. Epub 2020 May 21 doi: 10.1044/2020_AJA-19-00029. PMID: 32437266
Li J, Gerety PA, Johnston J, Taylor JA
J Craniofac Surg 2017 Nov;28(8):1993-1996. doi: 10.1097/SCS.0000000000003616. PMID: 28437266
Singh DJ, Bartlett SP
J Craniofac Surg 2005 Mar;16(2):291-300. doi: 10.1097/00001665-200503000-00017. PMID: 15750428
Miller MT, Strömland K, Ventura L, Johansson M, Bandim JM, Gillberg C
Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 2004;102:107-20; discussion 120-1. PMID: 15747750Free PMC Article
Scheuerle AE, Good RA, Habal MB
J Craniofac Surg 1990 Apr;1(2):88-90. doi: 10.1097/00001665-199001020-00003. PMID: 2094477

Prognosis

Gomes LP, Ferraz BG, Brandão MM, Alonso N, Pittoli SV, Tonello C
J Craniofac Surg 2023 Jun 1;34(4):1283-1286. Epub 2023 Jan 20 doi: 10.1097/SCS.0000000000009192. PMID: 36658685
Manara R, Brotto D, Ghiselli S, Mardari R, Toldo I, Schifano G, Cantone E, Bovo R, Martini A
AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2015 Jul;36(7):1375-80. Epub 2015 Mar 26 doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A4273. PMID: 25814660Free PMC Article
Xu S, Zhang Z, Tang X, Yin L, Liu W, Shi L
J Craniofac Surg 2015 Mar;26(2):384-7. doi: 10.1097/SCS.0000000000001336. PMID: 25723655
Dimitrov B, Balikova I, Jekova N, Vakrilova L, Fryns JP, Simeonov E
Am J Med Genet A 2005 May 15;135(1):81-5. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30673. PMID: 15793832
Ferraro NF
Clin Plast Surg 1991 Apr;18(2):291-307. PMID: 2065490

Clinical prediction guides

Gonçalves Ferraz B, Vendramini-Pittoli S, Gomes LP, Madeira Brandão M, Alonso N, Tonello C
J Craniofac Surg 2023 Jun 1;34(4):e398-e401. Epub 2023 May 1 doi: 10.1097/SCS.0000000000009326. PMID: 37126414
Kinter S, Kotlarek K, Meehan A, Heike C
BMJ Open 2023 Feb 28;13(2):e069233. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-069233. PMID: 36854602Free PMC Article
Lee HJ, Yang IH, Baek SH
J Craniofac Surg 2021 Nov-Dec 01;32(8):e773-e778. doi: 10.1097/SCS.0000000000007769. PMID: 34727453
Lin Y, Ma X, Huang Y, Mu L, Yang L, Zhao M, Xie F, Zhang C, Xu J, Lu J, Teng L
J Craniofac Surg 2021 Oct 1;32(7):2305-2309. doi: 10.1097/SCS.0000000000007661. PMID: 34705378
Manara R, Schifano G, Brotto D, Mardari R, Ghiselli S, Gerunda A, Ghirotto C, Fusetti S, Piacentile K, Scienza R, Ermani M, Martini A
Clin Oral Investig 2016 Mar;20(2):219-25. Epub 2015 Nov 18 doi: 10.1007/s00784-015-1660-8. PMID: 26578120

Recent systematic reviews

Aiyar A, Pedersen TK, Resnick CM, Nørholt SE, Verna C, Stoustrup PB
Orthod Craniofac Res 2024 Jun;27 Suppl 1:131-140. Epub 2023 Nov 21 doi: 10.1111/ocr.12729. PMID: 37987216
Ulhaq ZS, Nurputra DK, Soraya GV, Kurniawati S, Istifiani LA, Pamungkas SA, Tse WKF
Clin Genet 2023 Feb;103(2):146-155. Epub 2022 Oct 17 doi: 10.1111/cge.14243. PMID: 36203321
Glaeser AB, Santos AS, Diniz BL, Deconte D, Rosa RFM, Zen PRG
Am J Med Genet A 2020 Nov;182(11):2624-2631. Epub 2020 Sep 7 doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61841. PMID: 32893956
van de Lande LS, Pluijmers BI, Caron CJJM, Wolvius EB, Dunaway DJ, Koudstaal MJ, Padwa BL
J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2018 Sep;46(9):1427-1435. Epub 2018 May 25 doi: 10.1016/j.jcms.2018.05.043. PMID: 29907434
Renkema RW, Caron CJJM, Wolvius EB, Dunaway DJ, Forrest CR, Padwa BL, Koudstaal MJ
Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2018 Jan;47(1):27-34. Epub 2017 Jul 20 doi: 10.1016/j.ijom.2017.06.009. PMID: 28736116

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